Wednesday, April 16, 2008
Thursday, April 10, 2008
AN HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS:
EXHIBITING
THEIR DISCOVERY, POPULATION, LANGUAGE, GOVERNMENT, MANNERS, CUSTOMS, PRODUCTIONS AND COMMERCE.
FROM THE SPANISH OF
MARTINEZ DE ZUÑIGA.
PUIBLISHED AT MANILA, 1803.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
WITH A NEW AND ACCURATE MAP OF THE ISLANDS,
FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE.
TRANSLATED
BY JOHN MAYER, ESQ.
VOL. I. LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. ASPERNE, CORNHILL; AND NONAVILLS
AND FELL, NEW BOND-,STREET;
By T. Davison, Whiteefiars.
1814.
EXHIBITING
THEIR DISCOVERY, POPULATION, LANGUAGE, GOVERNMENT, MANNERS, CUSTOMS, PRODUCTIONS AND COMMERCE.
FROM THE SPANISH OF
MARTINEZ DE ZUÑIGA.
PUIBLISHED AT MANILA, 1803.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
WITH A NEW AND ACCURATE MAP OF THE ISLANDS,
FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE.
TRANSLATED
BY JOHN MAYER, ESQ.
VOL. I. LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. ASPERNE, CORNHILL; AND NONAVILLS
AND FELL, NEW BOND-,STREET;
By T. Davison, Whiteefiars.
1814.
[Vol. 1, no. 1]
CHAPTER III.
ANNO DOM. 1519 to 1564.
Comprising the Discovery of the Philippines.
Page 44
Page 45
Moluccas, and the adjacent islands, within the Spanish line of demarcation, by a distinct route from that used by the Portuguese, pursuing his object by the expected' antarctic passage to the South Sea. By the brief of Pope Alexander VI., expedited at Rome the 4th of May 1493, Magellan secured a patent, attaching such discoveries to the crown of Castile. This brief enjoined, that tie globe should be equally divided, by a line drawn from the north, by the isles of the Azores, towards the south, embracing the conquests, which formed the western boundaries of the At. lantic; the portion to the west, to belong to the crown of Spain, and leaving to the crown of Portugal, the hemisphere to the eastward of this line. Having discovered the Brazils, however, and the king of Portugal being desirous of preserving it, he requested his Holiness, that the line might be drawn, four hundred and sixty leagues more
Page 46
to the westward of the Azores, in orde, that no other power, might interfere with that valuable acquisition. The line was so drawn on the map, and the Moluccas, were accordingly, placed out of the line of territory, thus appropriated to the Portuguese, and within that of Spain 5: they were not able, however, at that time, to adjust the other point as to the route; but the Cape of Good Hope, interposing in their voyages to India, it was not doubted, that America might be like this hemi. sphere, and finish also in a cape, and passage to the South Sea. The desire of the Spaniards to take possession of the Spice Islands, or, as they were called, the Moluccas, instigated them to ascertain the truth of this conjecture; and a squadron of five ships, was fitted out for that purpose, viz. La Trinidad, in which Magellan himself embarked; San Antonio, H Concepcion, Santiago, and La Victoria;
Page 47
the whole manned with two hundred and thirty-four men, and paid and victualled for two years. Magellan sailed from Seville with this armament on the 10th of August 1519, and on the 13th of December he arrived at the Brazils, and coasting the land in quest of the expected passage to the South Sea, on Easter day, he entered the Bay of Saint Julian, in fifty degrees of south latitude, where-he intended remaining, finding the winter had commenced in those regions; Here his people mutinied, upon an idea that their provisions were exhausted, and that it was impossible to discover the pass they were in search of. Magellan quelled this mutiny; but immediately after understood, that another had broken out inl the ship San Antonio, and that the cre'w had murdered the commander, and con, fined his cousin Alvaro de Mesquita, who was made captain on the arrest of Jtlan de Cartagena. The leader on this occa
Page 48
sion was Gaspar de Quezada, whom he ordered to be hanged; and setting on shore a Franciscan friar and Juan de Car, tagena, on account of their turbulent disposition, he sailed in prosecution of his voyage, by the much desired pass to the South Sea, On the 1st of November 1520, he discovered the straits which bear his name; and having occupied twenty days in passing through them, he found himself in the South Sea with three ships, the Santiago having been wrecked, and having separated from the San Antonio, which his cousin commanded, and which, by the route of the coast of Guinea, returned to Spain, Magellan, with fair winds and pleasant weather, ploughed that sea, which never before had been navigated. Uninterrupted in the pursuit of his object, he discovered, on the Sunday of Saint Lazarus, a great number of islands, which he named the Archipelago of Saint Lazaruse and on Easter Day, he arrived at the island
Page 49
of Mindanao, where he ordered the first mass which was said in the Philippines. This took place in the townof Batuan, in the province of Caraga, where he set up the cross, and took possession of these islands, in the name of the King of Spain. From Batuan, Magellan proceeded- to Zebu, and, in passing the island of Dimasaua, he formed an alliance with its chief, who accompanied him to Zebu. The inhabitants of Zebu, received him with such kindness, that their king, Hamabar, his whole family, with the chief of Dimasaua, and many of the people of the island, were baptized. The King of Mactan alone, a very small island in front of the town of Zebu, resisted the Spaniards, and was sufficiently confident in his strength, to challenge Magellan, who was weak enough to accept the challenge. He selected for the enterprize fifty Spaniards, who attacked the Indians in morasses, the water up to their breasts, and approached so near them,
Page 50
that Magellan.was wounded with an arrow, and died on the field with {six other Spaniards, the rest saving themselves by flight. The friar Calancha, an Augustine, re* marks in his history of Peru, that all those engaged in the discovery of the South Sea, came to no very enviable end: for, that a seaman of the name of Lopez, who was the first that beheld it from the mast-head, renounced his faith, and turned Moor. Basco. Nunez de Balbua, who took pos. session of those regions, lost his head; and Magellan himself, finished his days in the abovementioned manner. I can add, that almost all; those, who have been concerned in the discovery of the Philippines, have suffered so much, that the history of these islands, forms a tissue of tragedies. On the death of Magellan, the Spaniards chose Juan Serrano as Commander of the expedition; and, alarmed at their defeat at Mactan, they remained on board their ships, apprehensive of the treachery of the
Page 51
otherIndians. In fact, the people of Zebu, began to think lightly of the strangers, whom they had hitherto considered as invincible, and proceeded to plan their destruction. Abundantly deceitful by nature, they concealed their designs, and succeeded in persuading our General to be present, with twenty-four Spaniards, at a feast, which the chief of Zebu had prepared for him. In the middle of the feast, a, great number of armed Indians, whom:Hamabar had concealed,rushed in, and murdered them all, Serrano alone excepted, who escaped to the sea side, and implored the assistance of his companions; but they, fearful of some new treason, were witnesses of his massacre, which the Indians effected in view of the squadron, without their attempting to relieve him, or revenge the injury. Juan Carvallo now became General of the armament, and he resolved to go from thence, in search of the Moluccas:
Page 52
he burned the ship Concepcion, as he had not men suMfcient to man her, and sailed from Zebu with the Trinidad and the Victoria. On the 8th of Novejmber he arrived at Tidore, one of the Moluccas, and was Well received by its chief, who granted him a factory for the purpose of collecting cloves, &c.; and on the 21st of December, he loaded the two ships with spices, preparing for the return to Spain. Gonzalo Gomez de Espimosa commanded the Trinidad, and it was his intention to proceed to Panama, but he was captured by the Portuguese. Sebastian del Cano, went in the Victoria, by the way of the Cape of Good Hope, and, after losing many of his crew on the voyage, arrived at San Lucar de Barrameda, with only eighteen people, on the 7th of September 1522, three years from the time of their departure from Seville. He was thus the first, who had sailed round the world;and on this account, among other honours,
Page 53
the Emperor gave him for his arms, a terrestrial globe, with this motto, Hic primus geometros. The account which Sebastian del Cano gave of the expedition, induced the Emperor, to send other armaments to the Moluccas. The first was that of Esteban Gomez, who proposed, by the way of Newfoundland, to discover a shorter passage to the South Sea. A squadron was accordingly despatched in the year 1524; but in a little time, news was received of its dispersion by zbad weather. In the year following, Don Fray Garcia Jofre de Loaysa, was despatched from Corurna with seven ships, well appointed with good officers, and four hundred and fifty picked men; among these was Andres de Urdaneta, who afterwards -became a friar of the order of San Augustine, and directed the expedition of Legaspi to these islands. They passed the Straits of Magellan, with the loss of one ship, and entering the South
Page 54
Sea, they encountered so severe a storm, that the whole squadron was separated. Loaysa pursued his course; and in a short time afterwards died. By order of the Emperor, Sebastian del Cano was to succeed to the command, but he surviving only a few days, it devolved on Martin Yaiiez, a Biscayan. They arrived at Tidore on the 31st of December 1526, as did, in a short time, the remainder of the squadron, with few men, and those unserviceable. Here they found, that the Portuguese had declared war against the chief of Tidore, for having entertained the squadron of Magellan, and it was deemed on our part proper, to undertake the defence of those benefactors of the Spaniards. They had several encounters with the Portuguese, but of no moment, and few were killed on these occasions; but the number of sick increased considerably, from the length and hardships of the voyage; and from the humid nature of the climate, the.whole
Page 55
were threatened with rapid dissolution; being therefore already reduced to one hundred and twenty, they constructed a fort, and surrounding it with a palisade, placed themselves under the command of Hernando de la Torre, who was chosen General after the death of Martin Yanez. In this situation, were the remains of the armament under Loaysa found, when the Viceroy of Mexico, by orders from court, despatched to Molucca three ships, under the command of Alvaro de Saavedra, who arrived at these islands, by the route of the Ladrones, now called Marianas, of which he took possession, in the name of his Majesty the King of Spain, in the year 1528. Saavedra pursued 'his voyage to Tidore, where he found the hundred and twenty Spaniards, shut up in their fortress. They:considered him, as an angel sent to their relief, in the extremity of misery: but this joy was of short duration, new quarrels springing up with the Portuguese, who
Page 56
had succeeded in destroying, nearly all the Spanish ships. They at last, however, commenced their voyage to New Spain. Twice they made the attempt, twice they were driven back; and they suffered so much, that the General, with many of the crews, fell a sacrifice; the few that remained, being compelled to submit to the Portuguese. This was a most lamentable conclusion ofthe expedition; but all our squadrons, having represented the Moluccas as extremely valuable, on account of theirsspices, war was on the point of being declared, between the two kingdoms, about the possession of them. The Spaniards alleged, that it could not be denied, these islands were in the line of demarcation of Spain; and the Portuguese, were unwilling to quit the spice trade, of which they were in )possession, and which so much enriched the mother country. These differences were adjusted about the year 1529, the Emperor, renouncing his right to the Mo
THE DAWN OF HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES
EUFRONIO M. ALIP, Ph. Litt.D. Editor
JOSE P. APOSTOL, M.A. GREGORIO C. BORLAZA, Ph.D. Associate Editors
LINIITED EDITION
Reprented with permision from the Journal of History of the Philippine National Hiistorical Society Volume Xl, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. (1963)
pp 204-209
Eden in describing the island of Matan confuses the Pigafetta narrative. He says: "Not farre from this Ilande of Zubut, is the Iland of Mathan, whose inhabitauntes vse maruelous ceremonies in theyr sacrifices to the soone and burying the deade. They were rynges of gold abowt theyr priuie members." In the description of the battle in Matan, Eden says that each of the three divisions of the islanders contained "two thousand and fiftie men armed with bowes, arrowes, dartes and iauelins hardened at the poyntes with fyer." 745 To this point the Italian MS. and MS. 5,650 agree approximately. The story of the battle in the latter MS., however, is much abridged and much less graphic. It is as follows: "They replied that they had bamboo spears and stakes burned and hardened in the fire, and that we could attack them when we wished. At daybreak, forty-nine of us leaped into the water in the place whither we had thus gone, at a distance of more than three [sic] crossbow flights before we could reach shore, for the boats could not approach nearer because of the rocks and reefs which were in the water. Thus we reached land, and attacked them. They were arranged in three divisions, of more than one thousand five hundred persons. We shot many arrows at them from a distance, but it was in vain, for they received them on their shields. They leaped hither and thither in such a way that scarse could we wound one of them. On the other hand, our artillery in the boats was so far away from us that it could not aid us. Those people seeing that, and that the captain had had some of their houses burned in order to inspire them with terror, and having become more enraged, threw so many iron pointed spears at us, and shot so many arrows even at the captain himself, that we could defend ourselves with difficulty. Finally, having been driven by them quite down to the shore, and while our captain was fighting bravely although wounded in the leg with an arrow, one of those Indians hurled a poisoned bamboo lance into his face which laid him stiff and dead. Then they pressed upon us so closely that we were forced to retire to our boats and to leave the dead body of the captain-general, with our others killed." The eulogy on the dead commander is approximately the same in both MSS., except at the end, where MS. 5,650 reads: "Eight of our men died there with him, and four Indians, who had become Christmas. Of the enemy fifteen were killed by the artillery of the ships, which had at last come to our aid, while many of us were wounded." Brito (Navarrete, iv, p. 308) says of the stay at Cebu and the death of Magalhaes: 'They stayed there about one month, and the majority of the people and the king became Christians. The king of Zub6 ordered the kings of the other islands to come to him, but inasmuch as two of them refused to come, Magallanes, as soon as he learned it, resolved to go to fight with them, and went to an island called Mathf. He set fire to a village, and not content with that, set out for a large settlement, where he, his servant and five Castilians were killed in combat with the savages. The others, seeing their captain dead, went back to their boats." 346 Terciado: a Spanish word. 347 Carteava: a Spanish word. 348 The "Roteiro" (Stanley, p. 12) dates the battle April 28. The account of the battle is as follows: "Fernan de Magalhaes desired that the other kings, neighbours to this one, should become subject to this who had become Christian: and these did not choose to yield such obedience. Fernan de Magalhaes seeing that, got ready one night with his boats, and burned the villages of those who would not yield the said obedience; and a matter of ten or twelve days after this was done, he sent to a village about half a league from that which he had burned, which is named Matam, and which is also an island, and ordered them to send him at once three goats, three pigs, three loads of rice, and three loads of millet for provisions for the ships; they replied that for each article which he sent to ask them three of, they would send to him by twos, and if he was satisfied with this they would at once comply, if not, it might be as he pleased, but that they would not give it. Because they did not choose to grant what he demanded of them, Fernan de Magalhaes ordered three beats to be equipped with a matter of fifty or sixty men, and went against the said place, which was on the 28th day of April, in the morning; there they found many people, who might well be as many as three thousand or four thousand men, who fought with such a good will that the said Fernan de Magalhaes was killed there, with six of his men, in the year 1521." 349 Navarrete (iv, pp. 65, 66) gives the names of the men killed with Magalhaes, on April 27 as follows: Christ6bal Rabelo, then captain of the Victoria; Francisco Espinosa, a sailor; Anton Gallego, a common seaman; Juan de Torres, sobresaliente and soldier; Rodrigo Nieto, servant of Juan de Cartagena; Pedro Gomez, servant of Gonzalo Espinosa; and Anton de Escovar, sobresaliente, wounded but died April 29. 350 See Vol. I, pp. 325, 326, note 215.* 351 MS. 5,650 gives this name as Duart Bobase, although lower it is spelled Barbase. Duarte or Odoardo Barbosa, the son of Diogo Barbosa, who after serving in Portugal, became alcaide of the Sevilla arsenal, was born at Lisbon at the end of the fifteenth century. He spent the years 1501-1516 in the Orient, the result of that stay being his Livro emque da relacao de que viu e ouviu no Oriente, which was first published at Lisbon in 1813 in Vol. vii of Colleccao de noticias para a historia et geographia das nacoes tiltramarinas, and its translation by Stanley, A description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar (Hakluyt Society publications, London, 1866). He became a clerk in the Portuguese factory at Cananor under his uncle Gil Fernandez Barbosa, and became so expert in the Malabar language that he was said to speak it even better than the natives. On account of his facility in the language he had been appointed commissioner by Nuno da Cunha to negotiate peace with the Zamorin. He was commissioned in 1515 to oversee the construction of some galleys by Alboquerque. While at Sevilla, Magalhaes lived in the household of Diogo Barbosa, where he married Duarte's sister Beatriz. Duarte embarked on the Trinidad as a sobresaliente, end it was he who captured the Victoria from the mutineers at Port St. Julian, after which he became captain of that vessel. Failing to recover Magalhaes's body from the natives of Mactan, he was himself slain at Cebu at the fatal banquet May 1, 1521. Besides the above book, which is a most valuable contribution to early Oriental affairs, there is extant in the Torre do Tombo a letter written by him from Cananor, January 12, 1513, complaining of the Portuguese excess. See Guillemard's Magellan; Stanley's Vasco da Gama; Birch's Alboquerque; and Hcefer's Nouvelle Biographie G6nerale (Paris, 1855). 352 See ante, note 147. 353 Magalhaes married Beatriz Barbosa, daughter of Diogo Barbosa in Sevilla, probably in the year 1517. One son Rodrigo was born of the union, who was about six months old at the time of the departure. Rodrigo died in September, 1521, and in the March following Beatriz died. See Guillemard, ut supra, pp. 89-91, 322. 354 MS. 5,650 adds: "and to advise the Christian king." 355 Mosto transcribes this word wrongly as facente "busy." MS. 5,650 reads: "wiser and more affectionate than before.' 356 MS. 5,650 adds: "and presents." 257 The constable was Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa, who was left behind with the Trinidad and was one of the four survivors of that ill-fated vesse!, returning to Spain long after. 358 This sentence is confused in MS. 5,650, reading: jehan Caruaie auecques le barisel sen retourneret qui nous dirent commen jlz auoyent veu mener celluy quy fut guery par miracle et le presfre a sa maison et que pour cela jlz sen estoyent partiz eulx doubtans de quelque mate faduanture. By dropping the first et this becomes equivalent to the text. 359 MS. 5,650 reads: "for we would kill him." 360 MS. 5,650 reads: "But Jehan Carvaie, his comrade, and others refused, for feat lest they would not remain masters there if the boat went ashore." In regard to Jcao Serrao's death, Brito (Navarrete. iv, p. 309) says: "As soon as the men in the ships saw that slaughter, they hoisted their anchors, and tried to set sail in order to return to Burneo. At that juncture, the savages brought Juan Serrano, one of those whom they wished to ransom, and asked two guns and two bahars of copper for him, besides some Brittanias or linens such as they carried in the ships as merchandise of trade and barter. Serrano told them to take him to the ship and he would give them what they asked, but they, on the contrary, insisted that those things be taken ashore. But [the men in the ships] fearing another act of treachery like the past, set sail, and abandoned that man there, and nothing more was heard of him." 361 The '"Roteirc" (Stanley, p. 13) says nothing about the banquet, but says that the men, twenty-eight in number, counting the two captains, went ashore to ask pilots to Borneo, whereupon the natives, who had determined upon their course of action attacked and killed them. Peter Martyr (Mosto, p. 81, note 5) asserts that the violation of the women by the sailors was the cause of the massacre. Concerning the number killed, Brito (Navarrete, iv. p. 309) says that thirty-five or thirty-six men went ashore, and Castafiheda and Gomara say thirty, the last asserting that a like number were made slaves, of whom eight were sold in China. Peter Martyr places the number of the slain at twelve. Navarrete (iv, pp. 66, 67) gives the names of those massacred as follows:
EUFRONIO M. ALIP, Ph. Litt.D. Editor
JOSE P. APOSTOL, M.A. GREGORIO C. BORLAZA, Ph.D. Associate Editors
LINIITED EDITION
Reprented with permision from the Journal of History of the Philippine National Hiistorical Society Volume Xl, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. (1963)
pp 204-209
Eden in describing the island of Matan confuses the Pigafetta narrative. He says: "Not farre from this Ilande of Zubut, is the Iland of Mathan, whose inhabitauntes vse maruelous ceremonies in theyr sacrifices to the soone and burying the deade. They were rynges of gold abowt theyr priuie members." In the description of the battle in Matan, Eden says that each of the three divisions of the islanders contained "two thousand and fiftie men armed with bowes, arrowes, dartes and iauelins hardened at the poyntes with fyer." 745 To this point the Italian MS. and MS. 5,650 agree approximately. The story of the battle in the latter MS., however, is much abridged and much less graphic. It is as follows: "They replied that they had bamboo spears and stakes burned and hardened in the fire, and that we could attack them when we wished. At daybreak, forty-nine of us leaped into the water in the place whither we had thus gone, at a distance of more than three [sic] crossbow flights before we could reach shore, for the boats could not approach nearer because of the rocks and reefs which were in the water. Thus we reached land, and attacked them. They were arranged in three divisions, of more than one thousand five hundred persons. We shot many arrows at them from a distance, but it was in vain, for they received them on their shields. They leaped hither and thither in such a way that scarse could we wound one of them. On the other hand, our artillery in the boats was so far away from us that it could not aid us. Those people seeing that, and that the captain had had some of their houses burned in order to inspire them with terror, and having become more enraged, threw so many iron pointed spears at us, and shot so many arrows even at the captain himself, that we could defend ourselves with difficulty. Finally, having been driven by them quite down to the shore, and while our captain was fighting bravely although wounded in the leg with an arrow, one of those Indians hurled a poisoned bamboo lance into his face which laid him stiff and dead. Then they pressed upon us so closely that we were forced to retire to our boats and to leave the dead body of the captain-general, with our others killed." The eulogy on the dead commander is approximately the same in both MSS., except at the end, where MS. 5,650 reads: "Eight of our men died there with him, and four Indians, who had become Christmas. Of the enemy fifteen were killed by the artillery of the ships, which had at last come to our aid, while many of us were wounded." Brito (Navarrete, iv, p. 308) says of the stay at Cebu and the death of Magalhaes: 'They stayed there about one month, and the majority of the people and the king became Christians. The king of Zub6 ordered the kings of the other islands to come to him, but inasmuch as two of them refused to come, Magallanes, as soon as he learned it, resolved to go to fight with them, and went to an island called Mathf. He set fire to a village, and not content with that, set out for a large settlement, where he, his servant and five Castilians were killed in combat with the savages. The others, seeing their captain dead, went back to their boats." 346 Terciado: a Spanish word. 347 Carteava: a Spanish word. 348 The "Roteiro" (Stanley, p. 12) dates the battle April 28. The account of the battle is as follows: "Fernan de Magalhaes desired that the other kings, neighbours to this one, should become subject to this who had become Christian: and these did not choose to yield such obedience. Fernan de Magalhaes seeing that, got ready one night with his boats, and burned the villages of those who would not yield the said obedience; and a matter of ten or twelve days after this was done, he sent to a village about half a league from that which he had burned, which is named Matam, and which is also an island, and ordered them to send him at once three goats, three pigs, three loads of rice, and three loads of millet for provisions for the ships; they replied that for each article which he sent to ask them three of, they would send to him by twos, and if he was satisfied with this they would at once comply, if not, it might be as he pleased, but that they would not give it. Because they did not choose to grant what he demanded of them, Fernan de Magalhaes ordered three beats to be equipped with a matter of fifty or sixty men, and went against the said place, which was on the 28th day of April, in the morning; there they found many people, who might well be as many as three thousand or four thousand men, who fought with such a good will that the said Fernan de Magalhaes was killed there, with six of his men, in the year 1521." 349 Navarrete (iv, pp. 65, 66) gives the names of the men killed with Magalhaes, on April 27 as follows: Christ6bal Rabelo, then captain of the Victoria; Francisco Espinosa, a sailor; Anton Gallego, a common seaman; Juan de Torres, sobresaliente and soldier; Rodrigo Nieto, servant of Juan de Cartagena; Pedro Gomez, servant of Gonzalo Espinosa; and Anton de Escovar, sobresaliente, wounded but died April 29. 350 See Vol. I, pp. 325, 326, note 215.* 351 MS. 5,650 gives this name as Duart Bobase, although lower it is spelled Barbase. Duarte or Odoardo Barbosa, the son of Diogo Barbosa, who after serving in Portugal, became alcaide of the Sevilla arsenal, was born at Lisbon at the end of the fifteenth century. He spent the years 1501-1516 in the Orient, the result of that stay being his Livro emque da relacao de que viu e ouviu no Oriente, which was first published at Lisbon in 1813 in Vol. vii of Colleccao de noticias para a historia et geographia das nacoes tiltramarinas, and its translation by Stanley, A description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar (Hakluyt Society publications, London, 1866). He became a clerk in the Portuguese factory at Cananor under his uncle Gil Fernandez Barbosa, and became so expert in the Malabar language that he was said to speak it even better than the natives. On account of his facility in the language he had been appointed commissioner by Nuno da Cunha to negotiate peace with the Zamorin. He was commissioned in 1515 to oversee the construction of some galleys by Alboquerque. While at Sevilla, Magalhaes lived in the household of Diogo Barbosa, where he married Duarte's sister Beatriz. Duarte embarked on the Trinidad as a sobresaliente, end it was he who captured the Victoria from the mutineers at Port St. Julian, after which he became captain of that vessel. Failing to recover Magalhaes's body from the natives of Mactan, he was himself slain at Cebu at the fatal banquet May 1, 1521. Besides the above book, which is a most valuable contribution to early Oriental affairs, there is extant in the Torre do Tombo a letter written by him from Cananor, January 12, 1513, complaining of the Portuguese excess. See Guillemard's Magellan; Stanley's Vasco da Gama; Birch's Alboquerque; and Hcefer's Nouvelle Biographie G6nerale (Paris, 1855). 352 See ante, note 147. 353 Magalhaes married Beatriz Barbosa, daughter of Diogo Barbosa in Sevilla, probably in the year 1517. One son Rodrigo was born of the union, who was about six months old at the time of the departure. Rodrigo died in September, 1521, and in the March following Beatriz died. See Guillemard, ut supra, pp. 89-91, 322. 354 MS. 5,650 adds: "and to advise the Christian king." 355 Mosto transcribes this word wrongly as facente "busy." MS. 5,650 reads: "wiser and more affectionate than before.' 356 MS. 5,650 adds: "and presents." 257 The constable was Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa, who was left behind with the Trinidad and was one of the four survivors of that ill-fated vesse!, returning to Spain long after. 358 This sentence is confused in MS. 5,650, reading: jehan Caruaie auecques le barisel sen retourneret qui nous dirent commen jlz auoyent veu mener celluy quy fut guery par miracle et le presfre a sa maison et que pour cela jlz sen estoyent partiz eulx doubtans de quelque mate faduanture. By dropping the first et this becomes equivalent to the text. 359 MS. 5,650 reads: "for we would kill him." 360 MS. 5,650 reads: "But Jehan Carvaie, his comrade, and others refused, for feat lest they would not remain masters there if the boat went ashore." In regard to Jcao Serrao's death, Brito (Navarrete. iv, p. 309) says: "As soon as the men in the ships saw that slaughter, they hoisted their anchors, and tried to set sail in order to return to Burneo. At that juncture, the savages brought Juan Serrano, one of those whom they wished to ransom, and asked two guns and two bahars of copper for him, besides some Brittanias or linens such as they carried in the ships as merchandise of trade and barter. Serrano told them to take him to the ship and he would give them what they asked, but they, on the contrary, insisted that those things be taken ashore. But [the men in the ships] fearing another act of treachery like the past, set sail, and abandoned that man there, and nothing more was heard of him." 361 The '"Roteirc" (Stanley, p. 13) says nothing about the banquet, but says that the men, twenty-eight in number, counting the two captains, went ashore to ask pilots to Borneo, whereupon the natives, who had determined upon their course of action attacked and killed them. Peter Martyr (Mosto, p. 81, note 5) asserts that the violation of the women by the sailors was the cause of the massacre. Concerning the number killed, Brito (Navarrete, iv. p. 309) says that thirty-five or thirty-six men went ashore, and Castafiheda and Gomara say thirty, the last asserting that a like number were made slaves, of whom eight were sold in China. Peter Martyr places the number of the slain at twelve. Navarrete (iv, pp. 66, 67) gives the names of those massacred as follows:
Duarte Barbosa captain of the Trinidad
Juan Serrano captain of the Concepcion
Luis Alfonso de Gois captain of the Victoria
Andres de S. Martin pilot of his Majesty
Sancho de Heredia notary
Leon de Ezpeleta notary
Pedro de Valderrama priest
Francisco Martin cooper
Simon de la Rochela calker
Cristobal Rodriguez steward
Francisco de Madrid sobresaliente and soldier
Hernando de Aguilar servant of Luis de Mendoza
Guillermo Fenesi or Tanagui gunner of the Trinidad
Anton Rodriguez sailor
Juan Sigura Francisco sailor
Picora Francisco sailor
Martin Anton de Goa common seaman
Rodrigo de Hurrira common seaman
Pedro Herrero sobresaliente
Hartiga sobresaliente
Juan de Silva, Portuguese sobresaliente
Nuño servant of Magallanes
Henrique, from Malaca servant of Magallanes and interpreter
Peti Juan, French servant of Magallanes
Francisco de la Mezquita servant of Magallanes
Francisco son-in-law of Juan Serrano
All of these names are to be found in Navarrete's list. See ante, note 26. 362 Chiacare: the nangca; see Vol. XXXIV, p. 107, where Pigafetta describes and names this fruit. Mosto confuses it with the durio zibethenus, which is abundant in the western islands of the Indian archipelagoes, Mindanao being the only one of the Philippines where it is found (Crawfurd, Dictionary); but it is the Artocarpus integrifolia (see Vol. XVI p. 88, note 72). MS. 5,650 makes this "'capers." 363 MS. 5,650 omits mention of the panicum, sorgo, garlic, and nangcas. 36 MS. 5,650 reads: "one to the east northeast, and the other to the west southwest," 365 MS. 5,650 adds: "and eleven minutes." 366 Stanley says wrongly 1549. 367 This word ends a page in the original Italian MS. On the following page is a repetition of the title: Vocabili deli populi gentilli, that is "Words of those heathen peoples." MS. 5,650 does not contain this list, and it is also omitted by Stanley. 368 See ante, note 160
THE DAWN OF HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES
EUFRONIO M. ALIP, Ph. Litt.D. Editor
JOSE P. APOSTOL, M.A. GREGORIO C. BORLAZA, Ph.D. Associate Editors
LINIITED EDITION
Reprented with permision from the Journal of History of the Philippine National Hiistorical Society Volume Xl, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. (1963)
pp 15-16
April 20, a chief from the neighboring island of Mactan sends a small present to Magalhaes, with the request to aid him with a boat load of men against the chief Cilapulapu, who refuses allegiance to Spain. Magalhaes in his ardor, and notwithstanding the remonstrances of his friends, leads three boat loads of men (sixty in all) to the island, where having ordered the king of Cebui to be a witness of the battle only, he engages the natives. Disastrous indeed does that day prove, for beset by multitudes of foes, the Europeans are compelled to retreat, and the retreat becomes a rout, the personal bravery of Magalhaes and a few of his closest friends only saving the men from almost complete massacre. Recognizing the leader, the natives make their greatest efforts against him, and finally he is killed while knee deep in the wcter, but after all the others are saved. Pigafetta's lament is tragic and sorrowful; they "killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide." Insolent in their victory, the natives refuse to give up the body of the slain leader at the request of the king of Cebu.
EUFRONIO M. ALIP, Ph. Litt.D. Editor
JOSE P. APOSTOL, M.A. GREGORIO C. BORLAZA, Ph.D. Associate Editors
LINIITED EDITION
Reprented with permision from the Journal of History of the Philippine National Hiistorical Society Volume Xl, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. (1963)
pp 15-16
April 20, a chief from the neighboring island of Mactan sends a small present to Magalhaes, with the request to aid him with a boat load of men against the chief Cilapulapu, who refuses allegiance to Spain. Magalhaes in his ardor, and notwithstanding the remonstrances of his friends, leads three boat loads of men (sixty in all) to the island, where having ordered the king of Cebui to be a witness of the battle only, he engages the natives. Disastrous indeed does that day prove, for beset by multitudes of foes, the Europeans are compelled to retreat, and the retreat becomes a rout, the personal bravery of Magalhaes and a few of his closest friends only saving the men from almost complete massacre. Recognizing the leader, the natives make their greatest efforts against him, and finally he is killed while knee deep in the wcter, but after all the others are saved. Pigafetta's lament is tragic and sorrowful; they "killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide." Insolent in their victory, the natives refuse to give up the body of the slain leader at the request of the king of Cebu.
Sunday, January 6, 2008
THE PHILIPPINE REVIEW(Revista Filipina)
Gregorio Nieva, ed.
January 1916
Vol. 1 No. 1
Page 12-13
The United States consenting, the remains of Magellan, buried on the Island of Mactan, Cebu, P. I., where he was killed by the natives, April 27, 1521, will be removed to Cadiz, Spain, in time for the tercentenary celebration to be held there in September.
Gregorio Nieva, ed.
January 1916
Vol. 1 No. 1
Page 12-13
The United States consenting, the remains of Magellan, buried on the Island of Mactan, Cebu, P. I., where he was killed by the natives, April 27, 1521, will be removed to Cadiz, Spain, in time for the tercentenary celebration to be held there in September.
Republic Act
REPUBLIC ACT No. 3134
June 17, 1961
CHARTER OF THE CITY OF LAPU-LAPU
AN ACT CREATING THE CITY OF LAPU-LAPU
This Act shall be known as the Charter of the City of Lapu-Lapu.
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